Hypertensive Hypokalemic Disorders

Hypertensive Hypokalemic Disorders

Hypokalemia is a common clinical problem. The kidney is responsible for long term potassium homoeostasis, as well as the serum potassium concentration. The main nephron site where K secretion is regulated is the cortical collecting duct, mainly via the effects of aldosterone. Aldosterone interacts with the mineralocorticoid receptor to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; the r...

Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Elevated blood pressure in pregnancy may represent chronic hypertension (occurring before 20 weeks' gestation or persisting longer than 12 weeks after delivery), gestational hypertension (occurring after 20 weeks' gestation), preeclampsia, or preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and either proteinuria or thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency...

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) affect 10% of pregnant patients and are the second most common cause of maternal mortality and adverse fetal outcomes in developed countries. HDP is a group of diseases that includes preeclampsia, eclampsia, pregnancy induced hypertension and HELLP syndrome. Inadequate placentation, immune intolerance and genetics are accounted as possible etiological f...

Esophageal hypertensive peristaltic disorders.

BACKGROUND Esophageal motility abnormalities include a series of manometric findings that differ to a significant degree from findings in normal, asymptomatic volunteers. METHODS Current review summarizes conventional and high-resolution esophageal manometry criteria used to define and characterize esophageal hypertensive motility abnormalities. KEY RESULTS In the conventional esophageal ma...